2-Axes CNC Lathe

Overview

Designed a compact 2-axes tabletop CNC lathe capable of precision machining aluminium and polymer workpieces up to 40 mm in diameter and length. Features a 3-jaw chuck, achieves high accuracy (≤8 μm deflection at the cutting edge), and fits within a 625 × 250 mm footprint. Ideal for classroom demonstrations, small-scale prototyping, and educational workshops.

Design Process

The lathe was developed by focusing on three main subsystems: the spindle, X-stage, and Z-stage. Key design considerations included minimizing deflection, ensuring rigidity, and selecting components capable of withstanding calculated cutting forces.

• CAD Modelling: Used SolidWorks for complex geometry and multi-component assembly.
• Spindle & Bearings: Calculated cutting forces determined bearing load ratings. Spindle diameter and bearing placement were optimized to limit deflection to ≤8 μm.
• X and Z Stages: Linear rails and lead-screws were selected to handle vertical and axial loads, ensuring smooth, precise motion.
• Drive Train & Motors: Pulley-belt spindle drive and DC motors chosen to meet torque and speed requirements.
• GD&T & Modularity: Applied geometric dimensioning and tolerancing on all drawings. Designed for easy maintenance and future upgrades.

Results

• Achieved design deflection under 8 μm at the cutting edge.
• SolidWorks assembly confirmed proper alignment and clearances.
• Component selection verified through calculations for bearing load, spindle torque, and lead-screw stresses.
• Final CAD models demonstrated a compact footprint suitable for small prototyping environments.
• Design modularity allows easy maintenance, repair, and upgrade of X/Z stages and spindle components.